The development of efficient, durable, and cost-effective bifunctional electrocata- lysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is essential in the advancement of solar fuels, metal–air batteries, and unitized regenerative fuel cells. This work demonstrates an effective approach
of activating 2D carbon for highly efficient bifunctional oxygen reactions without N-doping, let alone a transition metal–nitrogen (TM–Nx) moiety, the usual component needed for high oxygen electrocatalytic activities. A solvothermally synthesized ceria (CeO2)–hydroxylated graphene hybrid catalyst shows excellent bifunctional ORR/OER activities both in alkaline and acidic solutions. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the activation of graphene occurs
via topmost oxygens on ceria surface, but only when low coverage of hydroxyl groups is present on graphene. Furthermore, catalytically active forms of gra- phene share similar hydroxylated structural motifs. Finally, a simple approach of dramatically enhancing durability even in acidic media is demonstrated. Computational data available at https://www.catalysis-hub.org/publications/GrewalHighly2019